Vector Art is a technique of digital illustration that uses geometrical primitives (points, lines, curves, and shapes) based on mathematical expressions to represent images in computer graphics.

While Raster art (JPEGs | PNGs) is a map of colored dots (pixels), Vector art is a set of instructions. A vector file tells the computer: “Draw a line from Point A to Point B, curve it at 45 degrees, and fill the inside with Red.”

Because it is based on math, Vector Art is infinitely scalable. It never loses quality, no matter how much you zoom in.

Here is a minute, detailed breakdown of the ecosystem of Vector Art.

1. The Mathematical Engine: Bézier Curves

The core technology behind vector art was developed in the 1960s by Pierre Bézier, an engineer at Renault car manufacturing, to design the smooth curves of car bodies.

Anchor Points (Nodes): The defining coordinates. These are the “dots” you place on the canvas.
Corner Point: Creates sharp angles (squares, triangles).
Smooth Point: Creates flowing curves.
Paths (Segments): The line connecting two anchor points.
Handles (Direction Lines): Invisible levers that extend from a smooth anchor point.
Length of Handle: Determines how far the curve stretches.
Angle of Handle: Determines the direction of the curve.

2. Anatomy of a Vector Object

In vector software (like Adobe Illustrator), an image is built by stacking distinct objects.

A. Stroke (The Outline)

The path itself can have a visible border.
Weight: The thickness of the line.
Profile: The shape of the line (uniform width vs. tapered like a calligraphy brush).
Cap/Corner: How the line ends (rounded vs. butt) and how it turns corners (mitered vs. round).

B. Fill (The Body)

The area inside a closed path.
Solid Color: A single Hex code value.
Gradient: A mathematical transition from one color to another (Linear or Radial).
Pattern: A repeating vector tile (tessellation).

3. Key Aesthetics & Styles

Vector art tends to look clean and precise because the computer perfects the human hand’s input.

Flat Design: The dominant style of modern UI | UX (e.g., Apple | Google icons). No shadows, no gradients, just flat shapes and solid colors. High readability.
Isometric Illustration: A method of drawing 3D objects in 2D space where the angle of view is 30 degrees. Parallel lines never converge. It looks like a “video game” or architectural diagram.
Low Poly: Creating images using a mesh of geometric triangles. It mimics the look of early 3D video game graphics.
Gradient Mesh: The most advanced vector technique. A grid is applied inside a shape, and each point on the grid can have a different color. This allows vectors to look photorealistic by mimicking soft, complex shading.

4. Software Tools

Adobe Illustrator (.AI): The industry standard. Powerful, complex, subscription-based.
Affinity Designer: The modern challenger. One-time purchase, faster engine, handles both vector and raster.
Inkscape: The open-source (free) option. Uses SVG natively.
Figma | Sketch: Specialized vector tools for Web Design and User Interface (UI).

5. File Formats (Marketplace Inventory)

If you sell vector art on your marketplace, you will encounter these extensions:

SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics): The web standard. It is actually an XML text file. You can open an SVG in a text editor and read the code. It is lightweight and interactive.
EPS (Encapsulated PostScript): The “Legacy” format. Used for printing and older software. It is a reliable “universal” exchange format.
AI (Adobe Illustrator): Proprietary. Contains all the editing capabilities (layers, effects) but requires Adobe software to open fully.
PDF: Portable Document Format. While often used for documents, a PDF can hold high-quality vector art for printing.

6. Applications (Who Buys This?)

Vector art is the most commercially viable form of digital art because of its utility.

1. Branding: Logos must be vector. A logo needs to look good on a business card (1 inch) and a billboard (100 feet). Only vectors can do this.
2. Typography: All fonts are vector files. Type designers sell font files (.OTF/.TTF).
3. Physical Manufacturing: Machines read vector lines to cut materials.
Vinyl Cutters (Cricut): Cutting stickers.
Laser Cutters: Cutting wood or acrylic.
CNC Mills: Carving metal.

Charts and data visualization rely on the clean lines of vector.

Feature Raster (JPEGs) Vector (SVGs)
Logic Grid of Pixels Mathematical Formulas
Scaling Pixelates (Blurry) Infinite (Always Sharp)
File Size Large (Heavy data) Tiny (Text code)
Photo Realism Excellent Difficult (requires Mesh)
Editability Destructive Non-Destructive

Vector Art